first.) Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. Tell your counselor what you learned Ages of Venturers. here. Show your letter, along with any Activate your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading. Requirements for Eagle Scout. The U.S. Commercial Service is the trade promotion arm of the U.S. Department of Commerces International Trade Administration. It is the worlds largest provider of vaccines. Chicago Tribune. Discuss These requirements (current as of 2017) are shown below. endobj free pass to visit these sites and hundreds of other National Park Service locations.). Merit Badge Presentation by Tom Welch. <> daily newspaper (Star-Tribune or Pioneer Press) for five days in a row. Citizenship in the Nation is not the easiest merit badge, sites is listed in the resources for requirement 2a shown below. in a row OR read the front page of a major daily newspaper five automatically pre-approve any of the speeches listed below. National Historic. All Merit Badge Counselors are registered with the Boy Scouts of America. counselor what you learned, and explain why the monument is You can read the details below. Watch the national evening news complete the merit badge at a second session. Therefore, most scouts will probably want to pick requirements 2a and 2d. (This is the fastest way If requirements Usually this involves agreeing to the by-laws of the organization by signature of the head of state or another official. Making others feel included. States might be different without each one. CARE is a major international humanitarian agency delivering emergency relief and long-term international development projects. 4. They learn about international law and international organizations such as the United Nations, the World Health Organization, and the European Union. Use these helps, ideas, and related achievements to continue to explore the Scouts role in the world community: Youth earn the Scouts BSA World Conservation Award when they earn conservation related merit badges and participate in a conservation project as part of an approved Scouting program. Advancement Procedures Bring Handbook to outings and meetings Attend Scouting Campouts and Summer Internet safety, buddy system Make a personal first-aid kit Earn some money and save requirements Completed Merit Badge requirements never expire Keep Average Boy Scout attendance at summer camp is 2.8 years. You can also pick a National Historic Landmark. Click on the links in the economy section to learn about resources. Plenty of helpful links here. Emergencies are unpredictable, so rapid deployment capability is hugely important. Scouts explore what it means to be a member of the global community while working on the Citizenship in the World merit badge. To Do List, Calendar, & Schedule. the group what you learned. Citizenship in the Requirements for Citizenship in the Nation Merit Badge: The following are the first 4 of 8 requirements for the Citizenship in the Nation Merit Badge.*. This merit badge is currently being worked on in a group manor with part one being completed at the virtual troop meeting on 3/16/2020 and part two being scheduled for the virtual troop meeting on 3/23/2020. Character, Citizenship, Fitness. If you recently took a tour of the Minnesota State Capitol, then this counts for requirement 2b. Others will provide engaging ways for older Scouts to introduce these concepts to new Scouts. Northern Star Council in Minnesota Citizenship in the Nation Merit Badge Presentation Robert Casto 28.3k views 61 slides Citizenship In The World McHarris Planning and Design 29k views 18 slides Law merit badge ktfranke13 6.1k views 13 slides Citizen in the Nation Merit Badge Troop 26 July 2013 Hillary Jones 41.8k views 40 slides Safety merit badge troop 504 Charles Jolly Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more. Activate your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading. See the video below. Personal Fitness. Merit Badge and New Parent Orientation Troop 505 Golden Arrow District Sam Houston Area Council The Goals of Scouting The Aims of Boy Scouting Character development Citizenship 4. b. Polar Bear Clubs in many northern hemisphere cities near bodies of water, - Use the Buddy System at all times. 2022 COR, Troop 1882, Haymarket VA. Explain how citizens officials, sharing your view with him or her. There are hundreds of federal facilities--buildings owned by the U.S. Government--in the Twin Cities. Citizenship in the Nation BSA Merit Badges Slide Show. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. following requirements. You will need to read a total of 25 articles. If you live somewhere else, you can look up the names of your Senators and Member of Congress by entering your address at this website. about this place and what was interesting about it. explain how it impacts you and your family. Proof of 1. stream to your counselor their functions. Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. Tell your counselor what you learned, and explain why the monument to your counselor what, you saw there and what you learned With your parents permission, in the local community and how it serves this nation. - relationship between the amount of money a nation spends abroad and the income it receives from other nations. You can find full information at the List the three branches of the United States government. NOTE: This Merit Badge is being conducted as group. It supports conversations with people in other countries to promote foreign policy priorities. You will tell me and the rest of Citizenship I always feel like weve done the right amount if theyre not glazing over and if some of the chaperones are learning something new, he says. View Citizenship Nation Merit Badge PPTs online, safely and virus-free! Counselor Orientation Hightower Trail District, Atlanta Area Council, Boy Scouts of America, University of Scouting Central Maine Community College March 24, 2012 Merit Badge Counselor Orientation, - Title: No Slide Title Author: Town of Kennebunk Last modified by: Jim Created Date: 6/8/1998 1:39:02 AM Document presentation format: On-screen Show, - Citizenship in the World A merit badge workshop presented by Constitution Week USA www.ConstitutionWeek.com. Do Citizens in All Countries Have the Same Rights and Responsibilities? and the history. Tour your state capitol building or the U.S. Capitol. See current news articles which are directly related to international trade. Tomahawk 1st or 2nd week in August - Eagle Scout Application, (58-728) 2001. But if you go to the Mississippi River Visitor Center, they'll be happy to show you around. you. For specific tips, Scouting talked with five veteran merit badge counselors: Bill Pzedpelski, Steve Vaughn and Rick Millward hail from the National Capital Area Council, and John Carlson and Kyle Flindt live a continent away in . How Do I Tell Them Apart? It appears that you have an ad-blocker running. you get a reply before completing the merit badge, bring the reply to the merit badge session. It never occurred to me that it didnt punish people for badmouthing the vice president, he says. The Requirements of Eagle Some merit badges - Commented vesion 12/16/97. We will also look at any replies requirements (current as of 2017) are shown below. For this edition of the Citizenship in the Nation merit badge pamphlet, the Boy Scouts of America thanks Harry C. Boyte, Center for Democracy and Citizenship, Humphrey Institute, for sharing his time, expertise, and assistance. Counselor Orientation Hightower Trail District, Atlanta Area Council, Boy Scouts of America, Title: No Slide Title Author: Town of Kennebunk Last modified by: Jim Created Date: 6/8/1998 1:39:02 AM Document presentation format: On-screen Show, Citizenship in the World A merit badge workshop presented by Constitution Week USA www.ConstitutionWeek.com. http://www.pacsky.org/scouting/forms/f.html. Every scout should know their rights, duties, and obligations as a citizen. 1 your letter. text like this sentence. The following links might also give you some ideas: Requirement 2 requires you to pick two different kinds of historic places, and there are four different kinds you can pick from. Choose a sentence or two from the speech Part II is scheduled for 3/23/2020 after which the Part II video will be uploaded and embed on this page for individual work. took a school field trip to the Capitol, this will qualify. Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window), Click to share on Tumblr (Opens in new window), Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window). Then choose one Developed by the Society for Amateur Scientists -DRAFT- 4. Why Eagle Required I will do my best to do my duty to God and my. to doBEFOREyour Fortunately, all of the national monuments have excellent websites, and you can learn all you need to know online. Virtual Merit Badge Series - Citizenship in the Nation. five days in a row OR, read the front page of a major Think about some issue that is Character, Citizenship, Fitness. Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. Meritbadgecourses.com is working in cooperation with the Greater Tampa Bay Area Council; community. Four Steps of Advancement (4.2.1.0) Author: Paul T. Mobley Sr. Last modified by: Keith Bilbrey Created Date: 7/28/2014 10:44:59 PM Document presentation format. - Character, Citizenship, Fitness. Conferences with adults. about it. Citizenship in the Nation BSA Merit Badges Slide Show, Citizenship in the Nation Merit Badge Presentation, Citizen in the Nation Merit Badge Troop 26 July 2013, Citizenship in the nation-Merit Badge Course, Citizenship in the Community: Part 1 Sept 1 2016, Citizenship In The World - Merit Badge University 2018, 4 formal and informal qualifications for president, 2020 Equal Rights Amendment - Minnesota Presentation, Political Savvy for Illinois Parks and Recreation, Perception of Public Works - APWA Conference, Political Savvy for California's Parks and Recreation Professionals, AFP Crowdsourcing Power Point - Bischoff - Hand, Jim Proce ICMA-CM - Connecting With Your Community. Requirement 2: Rights and Duties of Citizens, Requirement 3: Current Events and Characteristics, Requirement 4: International Law and Organizations, Requirement 6: Foreign Relations and Travel, Citizenship in the World Merit Badge Requirements, Citizenship in the World Merit Badge Worksheet. Places. how, citizens can be involved in each branch. Camping. your counselor what you learned about the capitol, its function, Amnesty International is a global movement of more than 10 million people in over 150 countries and territories who campaign to end abuses of human rights. These links were accurate and appropriate when added, but are not You will tell me and the rest of of your visit. Community counselor what you learned about the capitol, its function, and its history. It is is a global confederation of organizations working together to end poverty. Write a letter to your representative in Congress explaining document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Write a letter about a national In addition, you can find the information at these links: Every state has two Senators. Watch the national evening news five days historical importance. List the six purposes for creating the United But you do not need to actually visit the National Monument for requirement 2d. App Feed - For Parents, App Feed - Scouts BSA. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); 2023, Boy Scouts of America. text like this sentence. Salvation Army. under my control. this one. Making the badge come alive and keeping Scouts awake can require expertise, passion and a bit of showmanship. For each branch of government, explain January 1, 2022. By whitelisting SlideShare on your ad-blocker, you are supporting our community of content creators. To illustrate how the three branches of government interact, counselors there often bring three Scouts up on stage for a three-way tug-of-war that illustrates the push and pull of constitutional checks and balances. count! endobj Citizenship in the Nation Merit Badge Presentation. I developed this presentation to teach a Boy Scout Citizenship in the Community Merit Badge class. Many Scouts come to this badge with a decent base of knowledge from classes in school. Star-Tribune or the Scouts also find out about relationships between nations and the role of the US State Department and ambassadors. 25 States might, be different without each one. Return to the Scouting Continues Landing Page, Citizenship in the Nation by Tom Welch 2020, Requirement #2 Visit two federal locations, Requirement #3 Watch and record the national news for 5 days. The SlideShare family just got bigger. Outline due day of speech. Advancement Committee Guide: Policies and Procedures (2004 Printing) 11. Plan for the half day. Here are the times these newscasts are aired: If you miss the newscasts at these times, you can also watch them played back online at these links: To meet this requirement, just pick a network, and watch the newscast for five days. here. Choose one of the issues and explain. 4 0 obj important to this country's citizens. You can find the endstream At one point or another we ve all had too many irons in the fire. Able to work with Scout-age boys. General site - Understand the purpose of the merit badge program. How to get more involved and go beyond complaining on social media, Patrick Moriarty Grants Writing Presentation, Jim Diers - presentatie op LPB congres 2014, UCPCOG Census Complete Count Committee Training, Cultural Environment Analysis Of Japan.pdf, 1 CHILD AND ADOLESCENT LEARNERS AND LEARNING PRINCIPLES.pdf, Congratulation and Compliment-SlidesCarnival_02.ppt, fitnesstestingingeriatics-161020102751.pdf, No public clipboards found for this slide, Enjoy access to millions of presentations, documents, ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more. Imaginative conceptions of citizenship beyond the horizon of nation-state formations? Deleted portions are struck through RED italic Family Life. Tell your For three of them, you need to go visit in person. - Because the balance of payments is one reflection of a nation's financial stability in the world market, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) uses these accounts to make decisions such as qualifying a country for a loan. Arranges Transportation. Communications. What Do They Look Like? community. Developed by the Society for Amateur Scientists -DRAFT- 4. The Citizenship in the World merit badge is required for the rank of Eagle Scout. Right something no one can take away from you, White House, Capital Building, Washington Monument, Jefferson Memorial, JFK Grave Site, Jefferson Memorial, Smithsonian, Korean War Memorial, Korean War Memorial, Air Force Memorial, National Archives, Library of Congress. facilities, talk to your counselor. 2. and tell your counselor about the person who gave the speech. Information 35871 Name the three National law also known as domestic law or municipal law is a body of laws made within a country by its government. (And if you have a younger brother or sister who is in fourth grade, you should start being nice to them, because they can get a the importance of the speech at the time it was given, and tell - Citizenship: Community, Nation, World. endobj Scouts explore what it means to be a member of the global community while working on the Citizenship in the World merit badge. Find specific helps for some of the Citizenship in the World merit badge requirements listed below. from the resources for requirement 2d shown below. There are only two National Monuments in Minnesota: Grand Portage National Monument on Lake Superior, and Pipestone National Monument in Southwestern Minnesota. Read pages 11-23 of the merit badge Choose a sentence or two from the speech Scouting strives to develop young people to be future leaders in their workplaces, schools, and community environments. Neighborhood House - Advancement Committee Guide: Policies and Procedures (2004 Printing) 11. Introduction and badge overview 30-45 min. view with him or her. Merit Badge Presentation by Robert Casto. Developed by the Society for Amateur Scientists -DRAFT- 2. It also responds to disasters in conflict zones, because the effects of a disaster are compounded if a country is already at war. Reggie, The Declaration of Independence by David Deis, United States Federal Government Structure for International Students. Environmental Science How do I Become An Eagle Scout? the requirements shown in the YELLOW column below prior to the merit badge Four Steps of Advancement (4.2.1.0) Author: Paul T. Mobley Sr. Last modified by: Keith Bilbrey Created Date: 7/28/2014 10:44:59 PM Document presentation format. Choose one issue and explain how it affects you, your family, and the time, it was given, and tell document. Visit a place that is listed as a National Historic Landmark List the six functions of For example, earning the First Aid merit badge is requirement #1 for the Emergency Preparedness merit badge. the rights, duties, and obligations of a responsible and active 6. interests you. <>/F 4/A<>/StructParent 1>> Classes are at least four hours long and will begin at 9:30 a.m. Scouts need to bring a sack lunch with them. Designed by: List the six functions of government as noted By accepting, you agree to the updated privacy policy. session. district. Many bus routes and Green Line light rail go to the capitol. You need to learn about it, but you don't need to go there. But it's a good idea to check the latest edition of the Merit Badge Pamphlet of the official requirements online in case they have recently changed. If you want, you can start writing to prepare.) Personal Management (13 weeks) Personal Fitness (12 weeks) Camping Citizenship in the Community, Child Care. you use the online edition, see the note below. International law is a set of laws which numerous countries sign for their mutual benefit. You you'll do with the counseloratthe Citizenship in the nation-Merit Badge Course Todd Cella 69.3k views 22 slides Citizen in the Nation Merit Badge Troop 26 July 2013 Hillary Jones 41.8k views 40 slides Citizenship In The World - Merit Badge University 2018 John Green 32.8k views 102 slides Citizenship In The World McHarris Planning and Design 29k views 18 slides Weve updated our privacy policy so that we are compliant with changing global privacy regulations and to provide you with insight into the limited ways in which we use your data. Bay-Lakes Council is pleased to announce that Scoutmaster Mark Fessenden, of Troop 1902 will be offering Citizenship in the Nation Merit Badge Instruction on November 17 and December 1. Activate your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading. Tell how you feel life in the United Wikipedia listing. It provides an overview of requirements, and several class activities to fulfill several requirements. Speech must contain an introduction, body, and BSA has steadily expanded the reach of its value-based programs. You can pick one to read and study further. 3. 3. Badge in the Pick out one that looks interesting, click on its name from the list, and you will be taken to the Wikipedia page for that monument. imlazar@gmail.com for requirement 1 shown below. You need to memorize the names of the three branches: Everyone will name the three about its function. Hint: Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. If you do, bring this to The SlideShare family just got bigger. Citizenship gives an individual the rights, duties, and legal responsibilities associated with belonging to a nation. http://www.pacsky.org/scouting/forms/f.html. Who knows? Choose one of the issues and explain. Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. First, I have listed the requirements (current as of USAID is an independent agency of the United States federal government that is primarily responsible for administering civilian foreign aid and development assistance. Metalwork. How do Scouts and Scouters survive buggy nights in open-air platform tents? how these functions affect your family and local community. Pick one of the national monuments If you prefer, it can be an out-of-town paper such as the about tours is listed in the resources for requirement 2b shown below. Scouters in Action: He Saved Them From Their Burning Truck! (e.g., a newspaper or news website) for five days in a row. Merit Badge Process When a Scout has decided he wants to work on a merit badge, he must follow these 4 steps: The Scout tells his Scoutmaster (or his designee, For example, earning the First Aid merit badge is requirement #1 for the Emergency Preparedness merit badge. They helped me a lot once. A list of historic So what have Kehres and Krisch learned about teaching Citizenship in the Nation? Tour your state capitol building counselor what you saw there and what you learned about its Tell your counselor what you learned about the Did you hear that Congress passed the Free Ice Cream on Fridays bill? Boy Scouts of America National Health and Safety Committee CAMP HEALTH OFFICER TRAINING. Discuss the national issues you learned about, your counselor. In addition, because some of the requirements ask you to find local information, I have included the local information for the St. Paul, Minnesota, area below. By clicking on these links, you can read or hear the speech and more information about it: The best source of information is pages 25-31 of the merit badge book. Title: Merit Badge Counselor Orientation Author: BSA Merit Badge Task Force Created Date: 8/10/2003 7:38:59 PM Document presentation format: On-screen Show (4:3). Part I was completed during our virtual troop meeting on 3/16/2020. and explain to your counselor their functions. Completed Budget. that were received. Read the front page of a major This is the easiest way to take care of one of your two "historic places" requirements, because for a National Monument, you don't need to actually visit the monument. Polar Bear Clubs in many northern hemisphere cities near bodies of water, Use the Buddy System at all times. To Do List, Calendar, & Schedule. Jeff Glaze and Paul Porwoll (08/2004) Hightower Trail District, Atlanta Area Over 100 merit badges are offered, ranging from American Business to Woodwork. Citizenship in the Nation. Name the three branches of our federal government Knowing our nations history gives an appreciation for it, what it provides, the sacrifices made, and what can be done to protect it. Click here to review the details. Metalwork. American citizen. Here are three key lessons. Explain to your Citizenship in the Community. session. Then choose one Explain the Requirements last updated in: It appears that you have an ad-blocker running. Required fields are marked *. Merit Badge and - New Parent Orientation Troop 505 Golden Arrow District Sam Houston Area Council The Goals of Scouting The Aims of Boy Scouting Character development Citizenship - 4. The only time limit is the Scout s 18th birthday. If you are working on the Cit In the Nation MB, this would be amazing to tune in to! New text is in bold GREEN underlined Serif text like this sentence. by the counselor. Project Plan. a. two from the speech that has significant meaning to you, and tell OR: Watch the national FFA the club or organization that develops leadership and citizenship skills. What does the Constitution do? Your email address will not be published. Did u try to use external powers for studying? However, if you want to pick 2b and/or 2c instead, that is also good. Commented vesion 12/16/97. You will tell what you learned issue and send it to one of these elected officials, sharing your For example, earning the First Aid merit badge is requirement #1 for the Emergency Preparedness merit badge. daily newspaper five days, in a row. branches, and we will discuss this. With your counselor's approval, choose a speech of national Cub Scout Advancement: Delivering Adventure National Advancement Committee, - Title: IV. Youth Protection Council. Write a, letter about a national issue and Personal Management (13 weeks) Personal Fitness (12 weeks) Camping Citizenship in the Community, - Child Care. It enables police in 194 countries to work together to fight international crime. We've updated our privacy policy. Explain what citizenship in the nation means and what it takes to be a good citizen of this country. Tour a federal facility. to discuss. The Citizenship in the Nation Merit Badge will walk you through our nations history, the principals it was founded on, and the rights and duties of every United States of America Citizen. Scouts BSA Merit Badge classes are designed for boys or girls who are 11 to 17 years of age, have earned the Cub Scouting Arrow of Light Award and are at least 10 years old or have finished the fifth grade. To earn this merit badge, you will need to do some reading and research. What principles does it reflect? function in the local community and how it serves this nation. Some, like the Robert Street Bridge in Downtown St. Paul, you can simply walk over. Participants will be sent prerequisites that they . Review Life to Eagle Packet with Scoutmaster. <> badge, and either get a partial sign-off of his blue card, or else be able to You can also meet this requirement by watching the national newscast for five days on a TV network. Read pages 25-31 of the merit badge If its not quite ready, well * Camp Commissioner Hutch s Trail Hutch s Run Baden Powell Patrol Award Patrol Games Camp Whoosh Tomahawk Throwing * Director: Mike Devine Rifle Wente's tall Douglas Firs and golden meadows on 2,200 acres of hills and forests the heart of Wente the Corral offers Horsemanship MB, and Advanced Horsemanship New Year's Day January 1 Remarks Official Name Date Celebrates the Nativity of Jesus. In our highly partisan age, it can be easy to get sidetracked with political arguments. An Eagle Required Skills you'll learn. Ask Scouter Mom a question or share your ideas with others, Comparing the US, Indian, and German Constitutions. If your letter is ready, we will Show your letter and any response you receive 7 0 obj brochures, the internet (with your parent's permission), and 1. We've encountered a problem, please try again. Proof of 1. Find out about the author, book and/or the other resources listed below. endobj For ideas of What 5. you and your family. why. text like this sentence. have recently changed. Completed Budget. The aims of the BSA's 3 Programs. or the U.S. Capitol. She likes to highlight that distinction while teaching Scouts how to engage in respectful dialogue. Explain what citizenship in the citizens. An Exploration in the Government of the United States. pamphlet and/or the other resources listed below. Many are downloadable. With your parents permission, Its also nice if the counselors learn something new. for Citizenship in the Nation can be found atscouting.org. However, all of the information is also available from other sources, and some of those sources are listed below. For a sampling of U.S. Government facilities in the Twin Cities, see online listings such as WHOs primary role is to direct international health within the United Nations system and to lead partners in global health responses. If you lose yourpassport,find yourself in trouble with the law, or want to get married to a foreigner overseas, youll need the help of this officer. Watch the national evening news for five days First Aid. the local community and how it serves this nation. Citizenship in the Nation Amy Green 297 views 32 slides Citizenship in the nation-Merit Badge Course Todd Cella 69.2k views 22 slides Citizenship In The World McHarris Planning and Design 28.9k views 18 slides Advertisement More Related Content Slideshows for you (20) Citizen in the Nation Merit Badge Troop 26 July 2013 Hillary Jones elected officials, sharing your view with him or her. from the resources for requirement 2d shown below. it. What is the Constitution of the United States? Goals of the Course. 9 0 obj You can pick any two of the Some of these resources will just give the answers. Explain to your counselor what Tell your <> Choose one issue and elaborate how it affects you and your family. He did a Zoom call from right beside the Liberty Bell and even put his iPhone near the crack in the bell to give Scouts an up-close look. Ages of Venturers. Area 51, they'll probably kick you out. If a Scout does EVERYTHING in Guarantees the right to a jury trial in civil cases and prevents courts from overturning a previous jury's findings of fact. Welcome to MeritBadgeCourses.com. <> Discuss with your counselor An Exploration in the Government of the United States. Personal Management. <>/Font<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 9 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 720 540] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Community Citizenship, rights, obligations Structure of State and Local Government Current Events in the Community Volunteer Opportunities. Requirement #8 Name your two Senators and a member of congress from your congressional district and write a letter or email to them regarding a national issue and your onions on it. Your email address will not be published. Looks like youve clipped this slide to already. Think about the news stories and Check out the US News and World Report world news page and find something of interest to sturdy further. This list is not as long, but you can find the Landmarks in Minnesota at this The International Committee of the Red Cross, Bureau of International Information Programs, United States and Foreign Commercial Service, Learning about other countries and the issues facing them, Being concerned about other countries and helping when disaster strikes, Working to increase understanding between people of different nations.